Tumor organoids can help overcome therapy resistance of colorectal cancer
The development of therapy resistance often prevents advanced colorectal cancer from being successfully treated in the long term. Scientists from the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), partner site at LMU Munich, are now demonstrating in laboratory experiments how patient-specific mini-tumors, so-called tumor organoids, can help to specifically adapt therapy to the individual disease and thus possibly overcome resistance.
In the German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), the German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) in Heidelberg joins up as a core center in long-term collaborations with university partner sites in Germany that are particularly renowned in the field of oncology.
Advanced colorectal cancer often develops resistance to an initially effective therapy
© Adobe Stock
Driven by genetic mutations, but also in reaction to their micro-environment, tumors go through a constant development from the very first moment. Chemotherapeutic stress in particular intensifies and accelerates this process. In the course of this therapy-driven tumor evolution, treatment resistance often develops and the initial treatment strategy fails.
In order to better understand the evolution of colorectal cancer and the resulting development of therapy resistance, scientists at the DKTK partner site in Munich have now grown patient-specific mini-tumors, so-called colorectal cancer organoids, in the culture dish. Such patient-specific tumor organoids can often be used to predict the efficacy of drugs. They are therefore considered an important tool in personalized cancer medicine. For their project, the researchers used material from intestinal tumors that had already spread to the liver. The tumor organoids grown from this material were exposed to typical clinical combination chemotherapy for a prolonged period of time until therapy resistance occurred.
During thorough molecular analysis of the now "chemotolerant" organoids, the DKTK team discovered that the cancer cells undergo different patterns of genetic evolution during their adaptation to therapy, depending on their individual background. As a result, they also respond differently to second-line therapies.
Often, after developing resistance to the first chemotherapy, the researchers found elevated levels of the oncoprotein c-MYC, which strongly promotes tumor cell growth and survival. Using the CRISPR/Cas9 gene scissors, they were also able to insert a mutation in the KRAS oncogene that is known to be extremely problematic clinically and determine its impact on the resistance of tumor organoids to therapy.
Based on these results, the DKTK team developed strategies for a combination therapy that can overcome the acquired chemotherapy resistance of colorectal cancer cells. Simultaneous suppression of several signaling pathways that play key roles in different phases of the cell cycle of colorectal cancer cells proved to be very promising.
Initially, the therapy-resistant tumor organoids were no longer able to induce programmed cell death apoptosis and thus continued growing almost unhindered. The new combined therapeutic approach, however, enabled the cells to restart the cell death program and initiate their own death. The growth of the mini-tumors was almost completely stopped by the combination therapy.
The result shows that patient-specific tumor organoids have great potential in optimizing and possibly adapting targeted chemotherapeutic treatment strategies against colon cancer. It also underscores the overall importance of organoid platforms for personalized cancer medicine.
Sophie L. Boos, Leon P. Loevenich, Sebastian Vosberg, Thomas Engleitner, Rupert Öllinger, Jörg Kumbrink, Matjaz Rokavec, Marlies Michl, Philipp A. Greif, Andreas Jung, Heiko Hermeking, Jens Neumann, Thomas Kirchner, Roland Rad, Peter Jung
Disease modeling on tumor organoids implicates AURKA as a 1therapeutic target in liver metastatic colorectal cancer. Cellular and Molecular Gastroenterology and Hepatology (CMGH) 2021, DOI: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcmgh.2021.10.008
With more than 3,000 employees, the German Cancer Research Center (Deutsches Krebsforschungszentrum, DKFZ) is Germany’s largest biomedical research institute. DKFZ scientists identify cancer risk factors, investigate how cancer progresses and develop new cancer prevention strategies. They are also developing new methods to diagnose tumors more precisely and treat cancer patients more successfully. The DKFZ's Cancer Information Service (KID) provides patients, interested citizens and experts with individual answers to questions relating to cancer.
To transfer promising approaches from cancer research to the clinic and thus improve the prognosis of cancer patients, the DKFZ cooperates with excellent research institutions and university hospitals throughout Germany:
The DKFZ is 90 percent financed by the Federal Ministry of Education and Research and 10 percent by the state of Baden-Württemberg. The DKFZ is a member of the Helmholtz Association of German Research Centers.
